Helping Employers Leverage Monitoring

While Staying Compliant With A Dynamic Legal Landscape


As a consequence of changes in technology and work as a whole, including the increasing adoption of hybrid and remote work, such as “work from home (WFH),” employers are increasingly implementing employee monitoring of varying forms. While employers have reasonable justifications for wanting to ensure the accountability and productivity of employees, employee privacy and related laws are increasingly putting guardrails in place on the types of employee monitoring allowed and the compliance obligations that come into effect when undertaking such monitoring. After all, employee monitoring can be highly invasive, especially when proper notice is not given to employees and is conducted in secret. Therefore, whether it is in the context of the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the respective version of the law in the UK, or the increasing number of states in the United States passing comprehensive privacy laws such as California’s Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act (CPRA), lawmakers are instituting regulatory frameworks that must be followed concerning employee monitoring. There are also employee monitoring-specific laws, such as New York’s law (Section 52-C), which requires, among other things, employers to provide employees with notice of electronic monitoring. Furthermore, privacy regulators have emphasized that addressing this area will be a top priority

Historically, employee monitoring has been a uniquely sensitive area of the law, particularly in light of the power imbalance between employers and employees. For this reason, in the context of EU and UK law, consent is generally not the appropriate legal basis for undertaking data processing that occurs as part of the employer-employee relationship, particularly when it comes to employee monitoring. Even beyond the nuances of consent and the appropriate legal bases for processing, by the very nature of the activity, monitoring an employee, especially the occasional type aimed at a particular individual based on suspected wrongdoing, notice, and consent, can sometimes defeat the purpose of the monitoring. In contrast, the analysis and legal considerations shift for systematic and broad-ranging types of employee monitoring aimed at employees across the company. As a general matter, due to consent not being generally appropriate as a legal basis, employers must justify monitoring as a “legitimate interest” and ensure it is (a) necessary, (b) legitimate, and (c) proportionate to the perceived threat.

Another nuanced scenario in the context of employee monitoring concerns the potential of data processing that may include a variety of categories of personal information deemed “sensitive.” While each law has its own definitions for what is deemed “sensitive category data,” generally, various types of biometrics and health information, as well as other data types, fall into this more protective category. There are specific compliance considerations and obligations that accompany the handling of such sensitive data. Given the numerous considerations surrounding employee monitoring and the evolving regulatory landscape, ensuring compliance is a critical aspect of decision-making.

As artificial intelligence becomes increasingly present in our lives and its applications for employee monitoring continue to grow, there is a renewed focus on the legal and compliance obligations that arise in certain scenarios. The FTC has signaled its intention to regulate this space, including in the employee context, and other regulators, such as the CFPB, are paying attention to it.

At RICHT, we help clients capitalize on the value and necessity of employee monitoring in various scenarios, while also accounting for compliance and associated legal risks. From ensuring robust legitimate interest analysis and documentation to notices aimed at transparency, as well as data mapping and data privacy impact assessments (DPIAs) of monitoring activities, we take a holistic approach aimed at avoiding negative consequences beyond just the legal enforcement realm in the form of fines, to include bad press or friction with employees.


Employee Monitoring Legal Services We Offer


Monitoring Policies & Notices

Covert Monitoring Compliance 

Data Mapping & DPIAs

Legitimate Interest Analysis

Data Loss Prevention (DLP)

Vendor Risk Review 

Automated Decision-making

Data Retention & Minimization 

Subject Access Requests (SARs)


Employee Monitoring Compliance Resources



Find Out About How We Can Help You Navigate Employee Monitoring Compliance



    Employee Monitoring Law News


    • Canadian Employee Monitoring Compliance: Canadian employers must navigate a complex web of provincial privacy laws and collective agreements when implementing workplace surveillance. Recent legal shifts emphasize that any monitoring must be reasonable, transparent, and balanced against employee privacy expectations. OUR TAKEAWAY: Organizations operating in Canada should implement comprehensive written monitoring policies and conduct privacy impact assessments to mitigate the risk of costly regulatory grievances or litigation. Read More →
    • Maine Restrictions on Workplace Monitoring: Maine’s new law requires employers to provide written notice before using electronic surveillance and limits monitoring in private areas. These regulations aim to protect worker privacy while ensuring transparency in data collection practices. OUR TAKEAWAY: Employers must immediately audit their surveillance protocols and update employee handbooks to ensure compliance with Maine’s stringent new privacy standards. Read More →
    • Employee Monitoring in the US and Canada: What Employers Need to Know: Employers across the US and Canada can monitor workers, but must balance operational needs with employees’ privacy rights and a complex patchwork of legal requirements. In Canada, federal and provincial laws require monitoring to be reasonable, proportionate, tied to a legitimate business purpose, and accompanied by clear notice (and sometimes consent), with stricter expectations in provinces like Québec under Law 25. In the US, there is no single workplace privacy law; instead, employers must navigate the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, the Stored Communications Act, anti-discrimination rules, the NLRA, and state privacy and monitoring notice statutes (for example, California notice obligations). Across both countries, best practice is to minimize data collection, avoid monitoring highly sensitive personal content where possible, be transparent in policies, and document monitoring programs to show necessity, proportionality, and compliance if regulators or employees challenge them. Read More →
    • A View From DC: Don’t Mess Up Your Employee Privacy Notice
      Employee privacy notices are increasingly scrutinized under U.S. privacy laws, especially following regulatory actions in California. Businesses must ensure their notices clearly outline the categories of employee data collected, the purposes for processing, data sharing practices, and employees’ rights under applicable laws. Notices should be regularly reviewed and updated for accuracy and compliance, particularly in light of evolving statutes like the CCPA. Incomplete or misleading disclosures risk enforcement and penalties, making robust and transparent employee privacy communications essential for minimizing legal exposure.
      Read More →
    • Third Circuit Narrows CFAA: Policy Violations Aren’t Hacking
      On August 26, 2025, the Third Circuit ruled that employees who have legitimate access to a company’s computer systems do not violate the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) simply by breaching workplace computer-use policies, unless actual hacking occurs. Applying the Supreme Court’s Van Buren “gates-up-or-down” standard, the court found that policy infractions such as password sharing or improper data use are not federal crimes under the CFAA. The decision shields employees from civil and criminal liability for internal policy violations and directs employers to seek other legal remedies instead.
      Read More →
    • California Moves to Spotlight Workplace Surveillance Tools: A new California bill requires all employers to annually report their use of workplace surveillance tools to the state’s Department of Industrial Relations. The notice must include details about the creators and operators of the surveillance technology, descriptions of each tool’s capabilities, information on data collection and access, whether workers or consumers can opt out, and disclosures of usage to affected parties. The department is required to publish these reports online within 30 days, increasing transparency into employee monitoring practices across public and private sectors. Access the Bill here →

    Reuters

    French Privacy Regulator Fines Amazon France €32 Million For Employee Monitoring

    French regulator CNIL said it had fined Amazon France 32 million euros ($35 million) for what the CNIL said was an “excessively intrusive” surveillance system set up to monitor the performance of staff.

    Employee Monitoring Law
    International Association of Privacy Professionals (IAPP)

    CNIL Issues 10 Penalties Over Employee Monitoring Practices

    France’s data protection authority, the Commission nationale de l’informatique et des libertés, issued 10 sanctions over recent months to private and public entities totaling 97,000 euros.

    Employee Monitoring Law
    Banking Dive

    Barclays Faces $1.1B Fine Over Alleged Monitoring of Employees

    The Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO), Britain’s privacy watchdog, is investigating Barclays over the bank’s use of software that allowed managers to measure the length of time employees were away from their desks and how long they took to finish tasks.

    Employee Monitoring Law

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